# Understanding Targets

TileLang is built on top of TVM, which relies on **targets** to describe the device you want to compile for.
The target determines which code generator is used (CUDA, HIP, Metal, LLVM, …) and allows you to pass
device-specific options such as GPU architecture flags. This page summarises how to pick and customise a target
when compiling TileLang programs.

## Common target strings

TileLang ships with a small set of common targets; each accepts the full range of TVM options so you can fine-tune
the generated code. The most frequent choices are listed below:

| Base name | Description |
| --------- | ----------- |
| `auto` | Detects CUDA → HIP → Metal in that order. Useful when running the same script across machines. |
| `cuda` | NVIDIA GPUs. Supports options such as `-arch=sm_80`, `-max_num_threads=1024`, etc. |
| `hip` | AMD GPUs via ROCm. Options like `-mcpu=gfx90a` can be appended. |
| `metal` | Apple Silicon GPUs (arm64 Macs). |
| `llvm` | CPU execution; accepts the standard TVM LLVM switches. |
| `webgpu` | Browser / WebGPU runtimes. |
| `c` | Emit plain C source for inspection or custom toolchains. |

To add options, append them after the base name, separated by spaces. For example:

```python
target = "cuda -arch=sm_90"
kernel = tilelang.compile(func, target=target, execution_backend="cython")
# or
@tilelang.jit(target=target)
def compiled_kernel(*args):
    return func(*args)
```

The same convention works for HIP or LLVM (e.g. `hip -mcpu=gfx940`, `llvm -mtriple=x86_64-linux-gnu`).

### Advanced: Specify Exact Hardware

When you already know the precise GPU model, you can encode it in the target string—either via `-arch=sm_XX` or by
using one of TVM’s pre-defined target tags such as `nvidia/nvidia-h100`.  Supplying this detail is optional for
TileLang in general use, but it becomes valuable when the TVM cost model is enabled (e.g. during autotuning).  The
cost model uses the extra attributes to make better scheduling predictions.  If you skip this step (or do not use the
cost model), generic targets like `cuda` or `auto` are perfectly fine.

All CUDA compute capabilities recognised by TVM’s target registry are listed below.  Pick the one that matches your
GPU and append it to the target string or use the corresponding target tag—for example `nvidia/nvidia-a100`.

| Architecture | GPUs (examples) |
| ------------ | ---------------- |
| `sm_20` | `nvidia/tesla-c2050`, `nvidia/tesla-c2070` |
| `sm_21` | `nvidia/nvs-5400m`, `nvidia/geforce-gt-520` |
| `sm_30` | `nvidia/quadro-k5000`, `nvidia/geforce-gtx-780m` |
| `sm_35` | `nvidia/tesla-k40`, `nvidia/quadro-k6000` |
| `sm_37` | `nvidia/tesla-k80` |
| `sm_50` | `nvidia/quadro-k2200`, `nvidia/geforce-gtx-950m` |
| `sm_52` | `nvidia/tesla-m40`, `nvidia/geforce-gtx-980` |
| `sm_53` | `nvidia/jetson-tx1`, `nvidia/jetson-nano` |
| `sm_60` | `nvidia/tesla-p100`, `nvidia/quadro-gp100` |
| `sm_61` | `nvidia/tesla-p4`, `nvidia/quadro-p6000`, `nvidia/geforce-gtx-1080` |
| `sm_62` | `nvidia/jetson-tx2` |
| `sm_70` | `nvidia/nvidia-v100`, `nvidia/quadro-gv100` |
| `sm_72` | `nvidia/jetson-agx-xavier` |
| `sm_75` | `nvidia/nvidia-t4`, `nvidia/quadro-rtx-8000`, `nvidia/geforce-rtx-2080` |
| `sm_80` | `nvidia/nvidia-a100`, `nvidia/nvidia-a30` |
| `sm_86` | `nvidia/nvidia-a40`, `nvidia/nvidia-a10`, `nvidia/geforce-rtx-3090` |
| `sm_87` | `nvidia/jetson-agx-orin-32gb`, `nvidia/jetson-agx-orin-64gb` |
| `sm_89` | `nvidia/geforce-rtx-4090` |
| `sm_90a` | `nvidia/nvidia-h100` (DPX profile) |
| `sm_100a` | `nvidia/nvidia-b100` |

Refer to NVIDIA’s [CUDA GPUs](https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-gpus) page or the TVM source
(`3rdparty/tvm/src/target/tag.cc`) for the latest mapping between devices and compute capabilities.

## Creating targets programmatically

If you prefer working with TVM’s `Target` objects, TileLang exposes the helper
`tilelang.utils.target.determine_target` (returns a canonical target string by default, or the `Target`
object when `return_object=True`):

```python
from tilelang.utils.target import determine_target

tvm_target = determine_target("cuda -arch=sm_80", return_object=True)
kernel = tilelang.compile(func, target=tvm_target)
```

You can also build targets directly through TVM:

```python
from tvm.target import Target

target = Target("cuda", host="llvm")
target = target.with_host(Target("llvm -mcpu=skylake"))
```

TileLang accepts either `str` or `Target` inputs; internally they are normalised and cached using the canonical
string representation.  **In user code we strongly recommend passing target strings rather than
`tvm.target.Target` instances—strings keep cache keys compact and deterministic across runs, whereas constructing
fresh `Target` objects may lead to slightly higher hashing overhead or inconsistent identity semantics.**

## Discovering supported targets in code

Looking for a quick reminder of the built-in base names and their descriptions? Use:

```python
from tilelang.utils.target import describe_supported_targets

for name, doc in describe_supported_targets().items():
    print(f"{name:>6}: {doc}")
```

This helper mirrors the table above and is safe to call at runtime (for example when validating CLI arguments).

## Troubleshooting tips

- If you see `Target cuda -arch=sm_80 is not supported`, double-check the spellings and that the option is valid for
  TVM. Any invalid switch will surface as a target-construction error.
- Runtime errors such as “no kernel image is available” usually mean the `-arch` flag does not match the GPU you are
  running on. Try dropping the flag or switching to the correct compute capability.
- When targeting multiple environments, use `auto` for convenience and override with an explicit string only when
  you need architecture-specific tuning.